Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Production in CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Exposed to the Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF).

Entamoeba histolytica produces, in axenic culture, the monocytes locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a oligopeptide with selective anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the effect of MLIF on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T lymphocytes from children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Twelve children with severe asthma, 12 children with allergic rhinitis and 6 healthy controls were recruited for this study between May and December 2016. CD4+ T cells were cultured for 24 h at 37°C, 5% CO2 in the presence of MLIF, 1-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), MLIF+PMA or RPMI. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-4, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression levels were measured in the supernatants of T-cell cultures using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were inhibited by MLIF (IFN-γ p=0.0036, TNF-α p<0.001, IL-4 p=0.0082) in asthmatic patients, however IFN-γ was not significantly inhibited (NS) in patients with allergic rhinitis when compared to the RPMI group. In CD4+ T cells treated with PMA+MLIF, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4 were strongly inhibited (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.0094), compared to PMA treatment alone, for both, rhinitis and asthma. IL-10 expression was not affected by MLIF in neither of the two diseases. We conclude that MLIF alters the pro/anti-inflammatory balance and induces inhibition of IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but does not affect IL-10.

Effect of the DTwP Haemophilus influenzae b conjugate vaccination in Mexico (1999-2007).

The introduction of type b Haemophilus influenzae (Hi b) conjugate vaccines for children as part of immunization schedules has led to a sharp drop in the incidence of Hi b disease. In 1999, the Haemophilus influenzae b DTwP-HB/Hi b vaccine was introduced into the primary immunization program in Mexico. There have been no studies evaluating the vaccine after the widespread immunization in our country. The immune response to Hi b vaccines in different countries varies both quantitatively and qualitatively. Replacement of Hi b strains is expected between pre- and post-vaccination eras. Documentation on these three aspects will be useful for decisions regarding the use of the vaccine. In this review, we show and discuss the potential benefits of vaccination with DTwP-HB/Hi b in Mexico in terms of our collected data obtained during the last 8 years on population genotype variations and on concentration and avidity of IgG antibodies. As the epidemiological follow-up data are missing, the evaluation of the results of these three types of studies, as a whole, allows clarification of the scenario of the protection after vaccination in Mexico, in absence of the drop in cases reports. These results reinforce the findings of postvaccination studies done elsewhere.

Capacidad fagocítica de las células del exudado peritoneal de ratones inmunizados con una preparación ribosomal de Salmonella Typhi Ty2 / Phagocytic capacity of exudate peritoneal cells from mice immunized with Salmonella typhi Ty2 ribosomal fraction

Se comparó la capacidad fagocítica de células ael exudado peritoneal (CEP) de ratones CFW inmunizados con una preparación ribosomal de Salmonella typhi Ty2, con la de ratones protegidos con una vacuna de bacterias inactivadas por calor, ambas en relación con lo obtenido en animales testigo, no inmunizados. Los ribosomas se administraron subcutáneamente en una dosis inicial de 100 µg de ARN y se dio un refuerzo igual a los 14 días, ambos con adyuvantes incompleto de Freund (AIF). Los ratones inmunizados con vacuna de células muertas, recibieron una sola dosis subcutánea con 16***6 bacterias en AIF. Al cabo de 7, 11, 14, 18, 22, 25, y 31 días se indujeron y extrajeron las CEP de los animales de cada grupo e individualmente se cultivaron in vitro junto con S. Typhi Ty2 virulento no opsonizado en relación células-bacterias 1:200. La sobrevida de las bacterias fagocitadas se determinó a las 24 horas de cultivo: las CEP se romperon y por cuenta viable se enumeraron las bacterias no digeridas. Los resultados indican que las CEP de los inmunizados eliminan bacterias con mayor eficiencia que las de testigos. También se demostró que la eficiencia bactericida fue significativamente mayor (P máxima de 0.005) para las CEP de los ratones tratados con la fracción ribosomal que las CEP de los animales vacunados con bacterias intactas no viables. Fiebre tifoidea; vacuna ribosomal; inmunidad a Salmonella; Salmonella typi; fagocitosis por células peritoneales